The Right Way to Stake a Tree

Tree staking is never done with the intention of harming a tree. On the contrary, staking a tree reflects a desire to promote root and trunk growth and may protect a young tree from severe weather damage.  But improper staking can hurt a tree. Fast Facts The three cardinal sins of tree staking:Staking too highStaking too tightlyStaking too long Risks of Staking Some tree planters dont understand that rather than help a trees root and trunk growth, improper tree staking can have negative consequences and could undermine a supportive trunk and root system. When an artificial supporting system is attached to a sapling, it prevents the wind-bending exercise needed to make trunk cells more flexible and to encourage spreading root support. The tree will put most of its resources into growing taller but discourage growth in trunk diameter and root spread. When the stakes are removed, a lack of trunk and root development could make the tree a prime candidate to be broken or blown down in the first good windstorm. It would have lost the supportive protection of natural development. Improper Staking Although trees staked improperly will grow  taller, trunk caliper or diameter will decrease, a loss that will result in a weakness the tree cannot overcome during  stressful  weather  conditions. Related to trunk diameter is taper, the reduction in trunk diameter from the butt to the top. A tree grown under natural conditions develops a genetically coded taper or trunk form that serves for a lifetime. Staking a tree causes less trunk taper and possibly even a reverse taper. Under this restricted condition, a trees xylem, the woody vascular tissue that carries water and minerals throughout the tree, will grow unevenly and yield a smaller root system, resulting in problems with water and nutrient uptake. The same thing can happen if the tree rubs on or is girdled by overly tight stake ties. Then, after the stakes are removed, the tree will be more likely to snap in high winds. When to Stake Most correctly dug balled and burlaped trees or container-grown  tree seedlings and saplings dont need staking. If youre planting bare-root seedlings  on a questionable site, you might consider staking them for a short time. If trees must be staked, attach  the stakes to the tree as low as possible but no higher than two-thirds the height of the tree. Materials used to tie the tree to the stakes should be flexible and allow for movement all the way down to the ground so that trunk taper develops correctly. Remove all staking material after roots have established. This can be as early as a few months  after planting but should be no longer than one growing season. Notes From a Horticulture Expert Linda Chalker-Scott, who has a doctorate in horticulture from Washington State University, says there are several reasons why people improperly stake trees: Containerized nursery trees often are staked for stability, and many consumers don’t understand that the staking material should be removed upon transplanting.Oral and written information from some retail nurseries instructs customers to stake their trees, whether or not they should. These instructions are sometimes incorrect and unnecessary.Some landscape architect specs describe outdated staking procedures that are followed by landscape installation companies.Little to no aftercare is provided for many tree installations. Without a management plan as part of an installation agreement, staking materials wont be removed at the appropriate time, if ever. According to Chalker-Scot: The first two practices are probably responsible for most incorrect staking in home landscapes, while the last two factors are probably responsible for most incorrect staking in public and commercial landscapes.

Case Study - 728 Words

Week 2 Paper (Case Study) HCS615/Dr. Cheryl Chance Jacque Hartnett 1. Why was the CEO going ahead with the dismissal when he did? The CEO probably felt this was his only opportunity to get rid of Dr. Dulac before the chairman came back from vacation. Just because the chairman was friends with Dr. Dulac and also a patient of his, the chairman should have put that aside because they are running a business. Sometimes being friends and engaging in business does not coincide with one another. Dr. Dulac wasn’t fulfilling his job as the medical director, so it was time for a new medical director who was going to get†¦show more content†¦Other documents needed are the quality improvement activities, patient services, resident’s rights, and the administration medical and clinical services must be reviewed (Goldsmith, 2011). 4. What backlash can he anticipate from his action? The CEO may lose the contract between the facility and the medical school. He may also lose the 40% of the nursing home residents who were being cared b y Dr. Dulac. The chairman of the board may make the CEOs life miserable, because of betraying the chairman’s decision by bringing on Rachel as the interim medical director. The chairman and the CEO couldn’t come to terms on agreement for using Rachel as the interim medical director, therefore the CEO went ahead and made the change while the chairman was out of town. The board of directors and the chairman may even push the CEO out by making him resign. It’s better to do business when you have both people in agreement, otherwise there may be consequences on both sides. 5. Is this a career-making or career-breaking action? It would be a career in the making if all the executives and board members were all on the same page. Since the chairman is in disagreement, the CEO could lose his job for going behind the chairman’s back by hiring Rachel as the interim medical director. The chairman should have made the decision before leaving on vacation. Actual ly it could be a career-break for the chairman. The chairman may need to get away from all the hustle and bustle inShow MoreRelatedCase Studies : A Case Study Approach Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesA case study is a specific instance that is frequently designed to illustrate a more general principle (Nisbet and Watt, 1984). Hitchock and Hughes (1995) further suggest that the case study approach is particularly valuable when the researcher has little control over evens. Case studies strives to portray ‘what it like’ to be a particular situation, to catch up reality and ‘thick description’ (Geertz, 1973) of participants’ lives experiences of, thoughts about and feelings for a situation. TheyRead MoreCase Study887 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Reasons choose the case 1.2 The Problems The problems of this case are: 1. How would you characterize Lincoln Electric’s strategy? 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Health Care Inquiry for BMC Medical Ethics -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHealth Care Inquiry for BMC Medical Ethics. Answer: Introduction Do stimulants increase academic performance in university students? This is a critical question that sits in the mind of many health researchers and while most of the younger people would very much shoot first and ask questions later, it is necessary to arrive at a concrete conclusion before deciding on the best way forward. This paper seeks to weigh out the best option that should be kept to as seen from different sources. It is without a doubt that evolution is still an ongoing process only that this time it is of a mental kind. A cognitive progression continues in modern man as he continues to make his life simpler. Gone are the days when Roman soldiers had their limbs amputated without anesthesia as they got subjected to the gruesome process of primitive surgery of the times gone. Evidence One Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(1), 23-23. Authorship In their research paper, (Hildt et al., 2014) had a face to face interview with a sample of 18 university students who used cognitive enhancement drugs prescribed to which they arrived at the conclusion that not only does prescription stimulants for performance enhancement among university students is of no critical relevance as it is not an isolated phenomenon, it also gives the students the ability to balance their time between school life and their time off. The research subjects claimed that the use of nootropics enabled them to cope with memorizing class work better, enable them to have a proper management of time and generally, it increased their motivation. Research Aims Broadly speaking, the research outcomes supported the use of the nootropics as they also boosted the students life outside of school. However, it should be noted that the person involved was always under pressure to use the drugs. This pressure would most likely end badly for the student suppose she did not keep up with her routine. The drugs boosted memory and increased motivation in its use but there is also a possibility for creating dependency on the individual. This means that the student in question must regularly take the pills failure to which he might succumb to inconsistencies in his school work. It is these negative effects that the research papers failed to show. Design The research was based on six categories: use of the stimulant beyond academic performance enhancement, timing the consumption, objective results academically, the side effect, pressure and the subjective experience of enhancement which was concluded to be leaning greatly on the positive side of the user experience with excellent results. Findings It should be noted that the conclusion they arrived at supports the use of the drugs among the students as there was no inconsistency in the students subjective experiences and their objective academic results (Richardson et al,. 2016). This statement means that the test subjects educational efforts translated equally to their academic result at the end of the semester. Before, it was noted that memorizing class work became easier while they were on the pills. One must consider whether this is really the case. To answer this, a little psychology should be put into context. The mind, as it is, is complex. There have been instances of people walking on hot coals without wincing, or of monks making steam come from their bodies after splashing cold water on them. All these instances narrow down to one belief system; mind over matter. Strengths and weaknesses According to Sir Charles Lyell, our improbable ability to reason shows us our ever-increasing dominion of our mind over matter, philosophers would argue likewise. Even monks are in the same line of thought; it is why they are monks after all. But how does this apply in this case? Think about it, anyone can do what he believes he can do. Give a leper a pill for malaria and you will see him get cured because he believed it would; its all mind over matter here. However, placebo effect doesnt give us concrete grounds for a conclusion. Still, psychology gives us an opening for argument. There are three keywords that the test subjects mentioned: boosting memory, proper time management, and excellent motivation. Psychologically speaking, all work and no play make the mind dull and unproductive. We need to keep the reward centers of our brains active to get motivated to work even more.it is all a cycle, we work, we reap the fruits and if they are good, we yearn for more. Still, one must keep an open mind here. Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 250-257. doi: https://ift.tt/2fDSHfZ Authorship In the research paper, (Munro et al., 2017) deduced that of the 308 test subjects of their research study, only a 19% used the nootropics without prescription. They were also able to come up with several theories as to this deduction, chief of which is effective functionality (EF). EF is the ability of a student to be able to plan, self-regulate and become goal-oriented in their studies. Research Aims The main aim of the research study carried out by Munro and his team was to advocate against the use of the cognitive enhancing drugs prescribed (Munro et al, 2017). This is because the subjects with low EF had a reported case of using the drugs with translated in their GPA scores becoming lower. This did not change no matter how much of the drugs they used. There is an explanation to this. Having a low EF means that there is a low cognitive flexibility within the individual, which also means that there are low self-programming and no overall goal-directed behavior. The students expected that by using the drugs, their mental prowess gets automatically boosted. They put no effort in trying to study as they have not properly planned out their days well. Eventually, they lose sight of why they took the pills in the first place and thus their motivation gets significantly reduced and thus their overall GPA scores. Design (Hildt et al, 2014) used a one to one interview with the test subjects to arrive at their findings. A one to one interview is not a reliable source of information as there is always room for errors with the interviewees lying suppose the question hurts their feeling which was probably one of the most likely cases here (Malik et al, 2015). The researchers were only told what they wanted to hear and the likeliness of the sources being reliable was not considered. However, the results proved to be consistent in the end and it is from this that a conclusion was arrived at. Findings It was discovered that students with low EF succumbed to using smart pills due to their problems with keeping up with themselves and their studies. Based on their GPAs and BDEFS the researchers could conclude that using smart pills prescribed had a significant relationship between executive functioning and their overall GPA scores (Hajbaghery, 2005). This second research study stands against the use of the nootropic without a doctors prescription. Strengths and weaknesses (Munro et al, 2017) carried out the research broader with the 308 test subjects coming from six different public institutions and the methods used evidence based on their school performance at the end of the semester. The evidence obtained was, therefore, more conclusive and certain than the latter research findings. Barriers for the application of evidence in practice The two research outcomes are contradictory. Whereas one seeks to stand for the use of the cognitive enhancing drugs, the other strongly advocates against it on the grounds of being prescribed to the user. The first research outcome came out positive but the methods that were followed are not reliable. Even so, it still supports the use of the drugs if the user has a prescription and has the advice on which drug to use from the doctor. However, one must not expect the best outcomes from using as there is a lot of things involved, chief among them arising from the commitment that the user puts into his school work. How closely the research studies provided align with the PICO questions To answer this question, it is necessary to go deeper than the two research papers. The performance enhancing drugs trace their history to ADHD. They were used to enable people with this mental condition to cope and can lead a normal life and eventually, it was realized that it boosted attention and memory and thus it became common among college students. Today, the advancement in the medical field has led to a multitude of magnificent discoveries that makes us gods in a practical way. There exist pills for everything; ones for stopping pregnancy; ones to induce sleep and even those that boost the brain and memory capacity. It is the latter kind, the nootropics that are of interest. Currently, there are several brain supplement drugs sold over the counter and marketed for their abilities (Barkley, 2011). However, most of them are not prescribed by doctors and have found their way to the public particularly students. Their marketing is based on several speculations most of which are strongly advised against by professional doctors. The use of brain enhancement drugs has more antagonistic effects as they have positive effects on the plus side, they enable one to be motivated and improve time management but on the other hand, they might be dangerous (Bamberger et al, 2011). Besides worsening underlying mental conditions of the patient, there is room for other adverse effects. For one, the alter brain chemistry which is how they function. These drugs function by opening more serotonin receptors which the brain translates as improving more body activity. This means that the user becomes more active which possibly alters with the sleeping cycle of the individual which creates the need to use sleeping pills. Dependence is also another issue. Constant use means that the individual lives in a state where he cannot function without using the drugs at any given time. Eventually, the person succumbs to addiction and adverse withdrawal effects when the individual tries to opt out. Dependency is also linked to overdose which is a life risk. Ethically, taking brain-enhancing drugs is not the best way. The brain is the most complex organ in the human body thus using substances to alter its normal functioning to seek good grades is not worth it in the end. Moreover, everything used to alter the normal mental state of a human being all have very negative side effects both to the individual and to the community. Take illegal drugs for example. Conclusion In conclusion, the use of brain enhancing drugs, prescribe or otherwise, is not the best way to go for a student more so a medicine scholar as it beats the reason for learning in the end. Learning is the process of creating people who have proven to qualify for the field that they studied for. Proper time management is always of the essence for a scholar as it is what it all narrows down to in the end. References Bamberger, M., Rugh, J., Mabry, L. (2011). RealWorld evaluation: Working under budget, time, data, and political constraints. sage. Barkley, R, A. (2011). The Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Chan, G. K., Barnason, S., Dakin, C. L., Gillespie, G., Kamienski, M. C., Stapleton, S., ... Li, S. (2011). Barriers and perceived needs for understanding and using research among emergency nurses. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 37(1), 24-31. Elfil, M., Negida, A. (2017). Sampling methods in Clinical Research; an Educational Review. Emergency, 5(1), e52. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325924/ Greenhalgh, T.M., Bidewell, J., Crisp, E., Lambros, A., Warland, J. (2017). Understanding research methods for evidence-based practice in health 1e Wileyplus learning space Wiley e-text powered by Vitalsource. Wiley. Retrieved from https://ift.tt/2xjnxVh 1ACUsearch_scope=61ACU_Alltab=61acu_alllang=en_US Hajbaghery, M. A., Salsali, M. (2005). A model for empowerment of nursing in Iran. BMC health services research, 5(1), 24.Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-5-24 Hildt, E., Lieb, K., Franke, A. G. (2014). Life context of pharmacological academic performance enhancement among university students a qualitative approach. BMC Medical Ethics, 15(1), 23-23. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-15-23 Kajermo, K. N., Undn, M., Gardulf, A., Eriksson, L. E., Orton, M. L., Arnetz, B. B., Nordstrm, G. (2008). Predictors of nurses perceptions of barriers to research utilization. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(3), 305-314. Malik, G., McKenna, L., Plummer, V. (2015). Perceived knowledge, skills, attitude and contextual factors affecting evidence?based practice among nurse educators, clinical coaches and nurse specialists. International journal of nursing practice, 21(S2), 46-57. Moore, D. R., Burgard, D. A., Larson, R. G., Ferm, M. (2014). Psychostimulant use among college students during periods of high and low stress: an interdisciplinary approach utilizing both self-report and unobtrusive chemical sample data. Addictive behaviors, 39(5), 987-993. Retrieved from https://www.pugetsound.edu/files/resources/addictive-behaviors-revise-resubmit_rev.pdf Munro, B. A., Weyandt, L. L., Marraccini, M. E., Oster, D. R. (2017). The relationship between nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, executive functioning and academic outcomes. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 250-257. Richardson-Tench, M., Taylor, B., Kermode, S., Roberts, K. (2016). Inquiry in health care (5th [ACU] ed.). South Melbourne, Australia: Cengage Learning. Suresh, K., Thomas, S. V., Suresh, G. (2011). Design, data analysis and sampling techniques for clinical research. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 14(4), 287. Yensen, J. (2013 J. Nurs. Inform. 17(3). Retrieved from PICO search strategies.

Race in Recitatif free essay sample

Recitatif is a story written by Toni Morrison. It is about characters Twyla and Roberta and their experiences during and after being put in a shelter. Race can change what a person’s motives are viewed as. Racial stereotyping and racial segregation play a big part in this story. We will write a custom essay sample on Race in Recitatif or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Twyla and Roberta are of a different race/ethnicity which causes strife between the two and they have different opinion on things. It never truly states either characters race, but it says that they look like â€Å"salt and pepper†, indicating that one is white and one is black. Race affects a lot of things in any situation, no matter how much we want it not to. Some statements give you an idea of which is which. Twyla’s ethnicity is indicated by Jimi Hendrix and Roberta’s by the statement, â€Å"you know how it was with black and white back then†. Twyla appears to be white and Roberta appears to be black in this story. Another thing that indicates it is that Roberta is completely against busing but Twyla is not. Plus they both thought that Maggie was of their own race. Twyla thought she was white and Roberta thought she was black. Also, each others attitudes towards each other or toward others also indicates which is white and which is black. Although neither character can remember exactly what happened with Maggie, the mute lady that worked at the shelter, each character had their own attitudes towards it. Roberta that it was more acceptable that Maggie was beaten than Twyla did because Roberta thought Maggie was black, while Twyla didn’t think she was because she thought Maggie was white. Each character has their own viewpoint on exactly what had happened that day due to their race which gave them a different attitude towards the situation. Also, Twyla thought she fell and the older girls laughed at her versus Roberta thinking she was tripped and beaten. The big thing in this story is racial stereotyping. You would never know which character is of which race without it. The writer uses racial stereotyping and a very clever way when writing this story. Instead of outright saying which is which, you figure it out based on racial stereotyping. In most cases we should not racially stereotype or even stereotype at all. But the author uses it in such a way that it is okay in this instance. Without this racial stereotyping, you would never know which is â€Å"salt† and which is â€Å"pepper†. Racial stereotyping gives you the information needed to know from which racial background each character comes from. After everything that happened in the shelter both characters eventually left the shelter. Twyla became a waitress and Twyla did some drugs and became a part of the bad crowd. When they saw each other again, Twyla was happy to see Roberta, but Roberta didn’t feel the same way due to her attitude towards her. They moved on. Both characters got married and had families. They then met in again in a supermarket and Roberta had a good attitude towards Twyla. Depending on whom she was with and what part of her life she was in, Roberta’s attitude towards Twyla would change. This is a racial stereotype. Roberta again had a bad racial attitude towards Twyla when she started picketing and protesting things about the school system and racial issues. While Twyla was okay with segregation in the school system and blacks going to one school while whites went to another, Roberta was not okay with it. She was actually strongly against it. She felt that blacks and whites should have equal opportunities and she was picketing about it. Because of an incident while Twyla was in a car and black women were rocking her car and scaring her, Twyla started picketing against them on the other side of the street. In conclusion, racial stereotyping and racial segregation both have a part in this story. Racial stereotyping helps you figure out which character is black and which is white. This is important because of the racial segregation going on at the time. The schools and bus systems were separating the races and the blacks were trying to change that. They were wanting equal opportunities for themselves and everyone. In the end you never find out the true story about Maggie and never know whether she was black or white, tripped or fell, and whether she was beaten or not.

Be All That You Can Be Essay Example

Be All That You Can Be Essay Example Be All That You Can Be Paper Be All That You Can Be Paper Essay Topic: Everything I Never Told You Be all that you can be in the Army. Earn up to $40,000 for college, get valuable training, and have your health at risk for the rest of your life, and don’t forget the 30 days paid vacation. I know you all have heard that slogan before, or maybe you should have. That is what the Army should tell you on all of those commercials since they made it mandatory for every soldier to be vaccinated against the deadly illness, anthrax. But, if you refuse the vaccination then you are out of not only a job but also you could serve jail time. Soldiers should not be put in a position where they have to choose between risking their health or losing their job. There are many problems with the vaccine itself. The vaccine has never undergone long term test, so even the Department of Defense has no idea what this could possibly do to soldiers down the road of life. That right there tells you that the Generals in the Pentagon don’t care about your life at all. I wonder if our friends, the leaders of our armed forces were also forced to take this vaccine. When the vaccine first became mandatory for all personnel, I was stationed in Korea. Due to the fact that we were overseas, we had the opportunity to be the first troops to receive it. I however was exempt from taking the vaccine because I was leaving the country in the next two months and time wouldn’t allow me to receive the shots in proper order. What I witnessed my colleagues go through was enough for me to swear never to except the shots. I saw a large group of people break out in hives and actually had the opportunity to watch one soldier have a seizure. Now, the Army won’t say whether or not the seizure had anything to do with the shots but I was fairly certain. The Anthrax vaccine was administered during the Gulf War to soldiers that went over to the Middle East to fight. Now there is an undiagnosed disease called the Gulf War disease. Many soldiers have thought to be exposed to a plethora of chemical weapons during the War. Yet only one of them has been confirmed, that being the anthrax injections they received before going over there. The anthrax vaccination could be a contributing factor to the Gulf War disease that so many soldiers still suffer from. When the Department of Defense came up with the total military inoculation policy it was all over the news including CNN, because it was so controversial. This is very idiotic if you ask me. Don’t you think that Sadaam Hussien and all of the other small threats to the United States watch CNN? Those small countries can afford many different kinds and large quantities of chemical weapons due to their low cost. They are no longer going to even bother launching an anthrax missile at our troops because they know they have a chance at surviving. They will just shoot some other disease filled rocket that they are certain we cannot defend against. When one joins the military there are a number of reasons that could be possible. There is education benefits, training, money, family traditions, and first and foremost, to serve their country. I don’t think that anyone would join the military so they could endanger their own health. Sure there is always that knowledge that some day you may be called upon to go to combat, but injuring your health during peacetime is not heroic. If you die while in combat you will most likely be decorated with all kinds of metals and awards for bravery. The only thing that you will get for becoming unhealthy during peacetime is a look at the inside of a VA hospital and poor treatment. You will probably hear every excuse in the world why you are sick all the time, but you will never hear once that it is linked to the shots you were forced to take while you were in the military. It is the individuals’ responsibility to be aware of their surroundings. Before some one consumes something that they have never seen before don’t they normally say, â€Å"What is that†? Before you take any vaccine you should ask yourself what it is and do the necessary research to find out what it actually is. I am not saying that you will ever come across something so exotic as anthrax, but you should question everything and go with you gut. Following orders only for the reason that someone told you to is ridiculous. You wouldn’t hit yourself in the head with a hammer just because some one told you to, so don’t inflict any harm on yourself unless you are certain it is your only alternative.

Relection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Relection Paper - Essay Example In a very interesting study, Hannaford cites examples of the effects of exercise of body on stimulation of mind. The author maintains that exercising the body can enhance learning experience. I loved the book because it was very refreshing and had some original food for thought. Though I was aware of the benefits of exercising the body, I needed to know how it could stimulate learning and brain activity. Now I realize why it is extremely important for children in school setting to be exposed to physical exercise and sports. Because it is healthy thing to do and it also makes exercise a learning experience. The children must be involved in exercise and its benefits so they can discover them for themselves. It has been noted that children and teachers are both delighted by the manner in which exercise stimulates mind. I feel that in our schools we should make exercise mandatory for all students with the objective of making learning a better and more effective experience for them and for the teachers as well. Hannaford makes it clear that senses and emotions play a key role in enhancing the learning process and thus recommends exercise both before and after learning. She starts from a very young age which helped me in understanding how exercise could affect learning. She says that basic early exercise like crawling have a great impact on a child's learning abilities. Crawling "activate[s] both hemispheres in a balanced way" (Hannaford, 92).the author also insists that real learning process "starts with movement in response to a stimulus, then creates a context or experience to understand the sensory input" (99). What was really enlightening came in the form of findings on reading. I learned that children are not very receptive to silent reading till the age of seven. And thus this activity must be postponed till then. They should instead be taught in a way that would acknowledge their natural progression of skills and their bodies' natural development stage. I was happy to see that when applied in classroom, children actually responded very well to these new ways of learning. All the noise they create while laughing, sharing, building and moving around and learning was a healthy indication of their high involvement. Hannaford advocates the use of pictures and painting to enhance learning: "Most people need to discuss, write, or draw a picture of new ideas in order anchor them in the body with movement for memory and clarity of thought" (101). Hannaford also presents her findings on inhibitors that can affect learning. She identifies such factors as television, computers and video games as few inhibitors that may slow down the learning process. Children fully engrossed in sports are less likely to watch television or spend time on video consol. This is beneficial in terms of their health and also facilitates learning. Stress is shown as another major inhibition factor. In short, the book focuses on the finding that: "It is the full activation and balance of all parts of our body/mind system that allow us to become effective, productive thinkers" (106). And this I have found to be a finding worthy of affirming over and over again.

Experimental economics, history of trust game Essay

Experimental economics, history of trust game - Essay Example This is why there is sometimes a collusive tendency in an oligopoly. There are four distinct models of it, namely, the kinked demand curve, cost-plus pricing, the price leadership and collusive pricing (McConnell and Stanley, p.224). The first experiment conducted relative to the Ultimatum Game was by German economists Guth, Schmittberger and Schwarze or collectively known as GSS in 1982. What they dis was to divide 42 students where one is Player 1 or the allocator and the other is Player 2 or the recipient. Each Player 1 is asked to allocate however much of the German marks to Player 2. The core of the experiment is simple, if the allocator does not give the recipient anything then they both receive nothing, after a week they were asked to return. This is the basic principle of a simple Ultimatum Game. They found that it is much easier to interpret the bahavior of the recipients. A low offer is viewed as an offshoot of a sacrifice rather than accepting the low amount. The following week, the offer of the allocators became much less while there are two motives in the offer of allocators. The first motive is simple fairness and the other is anxiety over rejection because they may see that an unfair amount may be rejected. It may be either of these reasons or both that ise moving factor for their offer (Thaler, p.196-197). Berg, Dickhaut and McCabe performed an experiment to determine trust behavior among comsumers in a controlled environment. The basis of their study is anonymity. In the presence of which, consumer behavior is reverted to nonexistent as there is no knowledge or relation between buyer and seller at first meeting. This is presupposed by Arrow’s suggestion that â€Å"transaction costs trust is ubiquitous to almost every economic transaction† (p.123). Moved by questions of factors affecting trust in economic behavior, the experiment sets out to eliminate preconceived notions and subject the participants into a trust game. The experime nt guaranteed complete anonymity and the participants only get to invest once, thereby, they controlled the setting and â€Å"eliminate(d) mechanisms which could sustain investment without trust; these mechanisms include reputations from repeat interactions, contractual precommitments, and potential punishment threats† (idem). The experiment found that there exists reciprocity and that decisions of the subjects depend upon their interpretation of each room’s behavior. If it depends upon mutual benefit, then the there is a higher likelihood to reciprocate in that scenario and it is conjunctured with trust. Social history was found to be a determining factor in this analysis. This factor inclines the person toward trusting the other. To further eliminate this fator, those who are recruited were not a part of any previous sessions and they were provided a summary a no history background affects the results (p. 124). The participants were given $10 to invest at various sta ges throughout the experiment. The experimenters expected that they will realize sending money in the first stage is risky as there is no concrete evidence of reciprocity. In stage two, it was predicted that they will release money and third where money triples, it is the ideal stage that they will send their money. As a result, they concluded that primitives trust and reciprocity are the moving facors in decision-making among the investors. â€Å"By inventing property rights and allowing social history, society stimulates norms of